Analysis of Rio Tinto Mining Company

Analysis of Rio Tinto Mining Company   Industry: Rio Tinto Rio Tinto is a leading global mining company that focuses on finding, mining, processing and marketing the Earths mineral resources [1]. Its mining operation operates globally ranging from Copper assets in America, coal in South Africa to Iron in Australia. Its current revenue in GBP sits at  £27.22bn operating at a net income of  £3.72bn. Year on year Rio Tinto grew net income at 433%. Since January 2016 share prices have risen from  £1700, to  £3600, as the mining sector has exploded. Its no great surprise, with the costs of iron ores rising, the manufacturing sector exploding, and the demand for commodities having gone through the roof. Its main competitors are also mining companies; Anglo American plc, Glencore PLC and BHP to name a few. They have followed similar trends to Rio Tinto and have seen their share prices soar in the most recent months. Table 1.0 shows the comparison in debt and equity between the four companies. 2015 Debt (mil USD) Equity (mil USD) RIO:LSE 23,300 37,349 AAL:LSE 17,967 16,569 GLEN:LSE 48,980 41,254 BLT:LSE 31,170 64,768 In 2016 Rio Tinto has managed to cut its debt to $18,372mil and grew its equity to $39,290mi. 2) By just looking at figure 2.2 we can determine how volatile the RIO share price has been especially since the winter of 2015. It seems every other month (since Nov 15), has either been strongly positive or strongly negative. Before these months, the share price followed a similar trend to that of the FTALLSH with a few exceptions (early 2013). The overall monthly mean return sits at 0.4%, 0.5% lower than the average mean return of FTALLSH. The standard deviation (risk) is also considerably higher at 8.31% (compared to 3.04% FTALLSH). As an investor, I would want my average return to be higher as the risk became higher. In this instance, this is not the case. FTALLSH has a higher return but a much lower risk, and as an investor, this would be my preferred choice. We must take into account that if as an investor we took a long position with RIO at JAN 16, our share value has doubled. Annual mean return data is calculated by: When looking at annual data (October of each year), we can see the mean return has significantly increased on both the FTALLSH and the RIO. The slope of the line through a portfolio is given by the Sharpe ratio (figure 2.4). The risk free interest rate per annum is 1%. FTALLSH has higher annual returns than the risk free interest rate, but RIO has much lower returns. As an investor, you want better returns for higher risk. If the return is less than that of a risk free investment, the investment in RIO is not worth undertaking. 3) Correlation measures the degree in which two markets move in relation with each other. The correlation value ranges from -1 to +1. If the correlation is 0, the markets do not move in relation at all. Both the annual and monthly data has a mediocre correlation against the FTALLSH. This is probably mainly affected by the last 6 months data shown in figure 2.1, with how volatile the RIO market has been. Covariance is also measured by how changes in one market are associated with changes in the other market. It doesnt really give the strength of the relationship between the two markets as well as correlation does. This is why it isnt used to determine the relationship but it is vital in finding the Beta of the portfolio. Expected return = Volatility = Annual, Monthly, Annually, the Beta of the RIO market vs the FTALLSH, is 0.75, to be expected, as the correlation is mediocre, and the mean return is also high. The Beta of the market should be exactly 1. Therefore, the asset is defensive. The expected excess return is linked to its risk. As the market has a Beta of 1, and the Beta of RIO is .75, the RIO beta is 25% less volatile. Monthly, the beta is above 1 and is 44% more volatile. If the market rises or falls by  £1, the RIO return will rise or fall by  £1.44. The Capital Asset Pricing Model allows the investor to identify the best portfolio of risky assets without knowing the expected return on each of securities [3]. The CAPM equation (annual return) implies a positive result. As the annual return suggested by the CAPM is only 8.5%, and the annual return computed for RIO is 1.24%, the market is under-performing, and investors are being under-compensated for bearing the market risk. Monthly return is slightly positive. As the monthly return for RIO is 0.40%, and the monthly CAPM is 0.09%, Rio is outperforming the return suggested by the CAPM. Therefore, investors are being over-compensated for bearing the market-risk. The CAPM also implies that the annual return has a higher risk but worse return, and the monthly return has a lower risk but higher return [6]. Limitations Monthly risk free rate will not be exactly 1% every single month Return on the market. The market return at any given time can be negative. CAPM is a backwards looking model. Anything can happen (environmentally, politically, etc.) that can change the market FTALLSH is a limitation and is not the true market portfolio. Annually Beta = 0.75. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise by If the market fell by 10% Monthly Beta = 1.44. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise by If the market fell by 10% The monthly return has higher chance of greater returns, (the Beta is higher), however it also has a higher chance of bigger losses. If the markets rose by 5%, annually the investor would make a 4% return, vs 6.8% return on monthly data. Annual Return This means short selling RIO Tintos shares, and buying excess shares of market x. If the portfolio returns are uncorrelated, this gives a correlation of 0. As we know à Ã‚  = 0, the equation becomes Working out the portfolios Beta 4) CAPM Return = 8.5% To work out the PV of the project the company is considering, the discount factor is needed to be known. Assuming the companys required rate of return is given by the expected return on its equity, i.e. the CAPM return. As the CAPM equation has computed the expected returns, this is therefore the discount rate. The present value is worth more than the initial value of  £554,509.46> £500,000 so its a good deal for the company. This project could be set up for a multitude of reasons, which may affect its markets price in a positive way, such as new jobs for a local area, which in turn will boost the company politically which may also contribute to the success of the company. It is also important to note that even though the present value of the cost of this project is better than the contract being offered, RIO Tinto wont be positive in net return until the 9th year. The NPV is positive as expected, so the benefits outweigh the costs [3]. If the company wanted to just make cash money on  £500,000 they could just invest (risk-free) receiving,  £569,046 in 13 years time. 5) The method of comparables, values a firms cash flows directly, based on other firms (usually in a similar industry), that have similar cash flows or are expected to generate similar cash flows. The Law of One Price states that, If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in different competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets [3]. Using the Law of One Price we can use a company to measure (estimate) the valuation of a very similar company. As everyone knows, identical companies do not exist, but companies such as RIO, can have very similar competitors that prices can be judged by. The price/earnings ratio (share price / earnings per share), is the most commonly used ratio to measure the companys valuation. The more comparables there are, the better the reduced influence of any given company, making the overall result more trustworthy. When choosing the correct comparables to match against RIO, they all should have similar growth rates, similar required rate of returns and similar retention of earnings. I have chosen the three other mining companies, (Anglo American plc, Glencore plc, BHP) to compare against RIO. To value a companys current price using multiples: Using three other similar mining companies, to work out an average forward P/E ratio. According to Thomson Banker [9], the average P/E ratio of the three other companies (19.00) is much higher than the actual 10.98 RIO value (+73.04%). The Last Price Close of RIO on the 20/02/2017 was 36.46. The value we calculated is much higher than the actual value. Therefore, we have overvalued the share price, and should be bought. The P/E multiple is high for companies that have higher growth rates. The current P/E ratios are high across the board, with AAL, the only company estimating to grow its P/E next year. All three others are expecting to stop growing, with BHP (BLT), to step back massively. The companies compared above, are all mining companies, having spectacular performance in the markets, but realistically quite different. From figure 1.1, we know the difference in Equity and Debt values are similar, but RIO has much higher earnings per share (2.84), than any of the other three companies. Other than the Forward P/E ratio, RIO has the best values for all the metrics. We know that when we average the other three companies out, that the multiples based analysis will generally undervalue RIO. The differences are due to differences in expected risk, growth rate, etc. Multiples based valuation should ignore major anomalies, (e.g. GLENs 33.12 forward P/E ratio. Using the two other ratios gives an average of 11.98 which is much closer to the actual value of RIO). The set of comparables that were chosen (bar AAL), were not the best choice to match against RIO, as many of the metrics were so far apart. Q6) Arbitrage opportunities occur when a companys price across two markets is different, and will always have a positive Net Present Value. An investor, (who is known to be greedy and want any possible risk free return), will immediately attempt to buy the lower priced share on one market, and sell the same share on the higher priced market, instantly making him/her a no risk return. Everyone will attempt to trade using this method quickly, therefore, the lower priced market will rise and the higher priced market will fall, both eventually ending up at the same price. All markets aim to have an absence of arbitrage to stop any greedy investors from exploiting risk free returns. If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in different competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets [3]. If the Law of One Price is being applied correctly, there will be in absence of arbitrage across all markets. Bond Prices and interest rates also need to follow the Law of One Price. If a bond of a certain market gave a higher return than the risk free rate, they both need to follow the Law of One Price. The risk-free interest rate must equal the return from the investment of the risk-free bond. American Depository Receipts are quick and easy ways for investors in the US, to trade with foreign companies [10]. US banks will buy foreign shares and reissue them on US markets. However, each share does not equal the same amount as the original market. US banks will often group shares together, and reissue them separately on their markets. ADRs exist because foreign companies dont want the expense or hassle of listing their stocks on the foreign to them US market [10]. To invest in an ADR, brokers will need to buy foreign shares of said company, on their respective markets. He/she will then deliver these shares to a Custodian bank. Another bank, the Depositary bank issues receipts, on the basis those shares held by Custodian banks. Those receipts can then be traded freely across US markets, with payments, dividends etc., being paid in US dollars. ADRs save money by reducing foreign taxes and administration costs, and also because they give the company exposure. There are many risks involved with ADRs. Like normal market shares, there are political risks, inflationary risks etc. However, with ADRs, there are exchange rate risks. Using Tesco as the example [8], as the exchange rate of USD: GBP continues to improve for the US market, many investors will be looking to buy into British companies as its cheaper for them to do so. As the British and US markets trade at different hours, the closing prices of the Tesco share will be different, but in the normal market, the price of Tesco will be the same across all of the three different exchanges, (the Law of One Price), relative to that of their respective growth rates. Every Tesco ADR share represents 3 normal shares [8]. The current value of Tescos is 189.77p, and the value of its ADR = $7.19 [7]. If we divide the ADR value by 3. Using the current exchange rate of  £1 = $1.25512 [4]  £1.91 is slightly higher than the actual value of Tesco ( £1.90), but this is not taking into consideration the costs of administration, and exchange fees. The above is showing how the Law of One Price is applied across two different markets. Bibliography [1] FT. (2017) Rio Tinto PLC, RIO: LSE summary FT.com. Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=RIO:LSE (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [2] About us (2017) Available at: http://www.riotinto.com/about-us-108.aspx (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [3] Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2013) Corporate finance. 3rd edn. Harlow: Pearson/Education. [4] GBP British pound (no date) Available at: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?From=GBPTo=USD (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [5] MINING (2011) Market data metal prices and world mining markets. Available at: http://www.mining.com/market-data/ (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [6] Payne, R. (no date) Foundations of Finance. Available at: http://moodle.city.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=22726#section-0 (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [7] Tesco PLC (ADR): OTCMKTS: TSCDY quotes news Google finance (2017) Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/finance?cid=664658 (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [8] Tescoplc (2016) ADR information. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/investors/shareholder-centre/adr-information/ (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [9] Thomson ONE banker (no date) Available at: http://banker.thomsonib.com (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [10] Staff, I. (2003) American depositary receipt ADR, in Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adr.asp (Accessed: 24 February 2017).

Monopoly Questions and Answers

QUESTIONS RELATED TO MONOPOLY: 1-What is the characteristic of the monopoly? 1 – The existence of a single product of the commodity 2 – characterized by prices, rising prices prevailing 3 – the relative stability of prices 4 – There are barriers to enter the industry monopolist 5 – not necessary to advertise Another Monopoly properties. Price control. In a monopoly, and at the expense of supply in the market one entity to control and demand, and the degree of the price offered and the control exercised by the institution or individual is greater. Predatory pricing. This feature of the advantages of a monopoly consumers.These are short term market gains when prices dropped to meet the demand of rare product. Suppliers and consumers directly benefit from an attempt to monopolize the company to increase the sale of business marketing. Price flexibility With regard to the demand for the product or service offered by the company monopoly or individual, a nd is dictated by the price elasticity of the ratio of the absolute value of the increase in prices and demand in the market. Lack of creativity At the expense of absolute control of the market, and monopolies display a tendency to lose efficiency over a period of time.With one product lifetime, and innovative design and marketing techniques rear seat. Lack of competition. When the market was designed to serve the monopoly and the lack of commercial competition or the lack of goods and viable products shrinking the scope of â€Å"perfect competition. † 2-How monopoly arises Monopoly arises in a variety of circumstances: there are types of goods and a service does not accept by its nature, or not in the public interest to multiple producers, it's called natural monopolies, for example: to provide the city with water, electricity, or the trains running between two countries.Often assume the state or municipal authorities to manage these services, or to grant a concession to a p rivate company, subject to strict control. Monopoly may arise in an industry, the growth of a project, and it seized on other projects. Or as a result of grab or merge of small projects in the large-scale project, Monopoly May arise due to agreement between the projects owners in a particular industry to determine the price, or divide markets among themselves, known as (cartel), and in this case there are a number of producers, such agreement among them makes them a monopoly power.Most of the countries have been working on the subject of monopolies control. 3-How we can regulate the monopoly Pricing at marginal cost Economists have for many decades argued the benefits of setting public utility tariffs on the basis of marginal cost. This view is expressed in many classic economic texts on regulation. Price discrimination One common objection to marginal-cost pricing is that, in the presence of economies of scale, a simple linear price equal to marginal cost would not llow the regulat ed firm to recover sufficient revenue to cover its total costs. Ramsey pricing In those cases where the regulator is unable to set the marginal price for each service equal to its marginal cost, economic theory still places central emphasis on reducing the deadweight loss. Incremental cost The deadweight-loss hypothesis has a hard time explaining why regulators fail to pursue policies which are efficient under the conventional economic theory, such as Ramsey pricing. Price / service stabilityAnother puzzle for the conventional economic approach to regulation is the heavy emphasis on price stability. There is a sizeable amount of evidence that price and service stability is one of the primary concerns of regulators. Alternative regulation †¢ To encourage the productive efficiency of the monopolist. †¢ To eliminate the incentive to waste resources seeking to obtain a position of monopoly. †¢ To protect the sunk investment of the monopolist 4-Give some examples of monopo ly type of monopolyThe main characteristicexamplesNaturalAccess to rare and not easily reproducible elements of productionMonopolies operating in the sphere of production is mineral deposits of strategic importance for the national economy technologicalFeature production: in this technology is not enough consumer demand to support many competitive firmsEnterprise for the production of specific goods, such as infrastructure for the operation of natural monopolies GeographicCompetition due to the non-rationality of the territorial limited due to the effect of geographic barriersPublic ransport companies infrastructureInfrastructure network – a network that supply products between distant from each other (both in space and in time), economic agentsBackbone enterprises in energy, rail transport , heat, gas and water supply patentUsing a unique patented technologyNatural monopolies are producing high-tech products, such as medicine StateMarkets related to the exclusive jurisdictio n of the stateDefense, aeronautics administrative commandOperating in a command systemNatural monopolies in the administrative-command system

Generational Differences in the Workplace Essay - 2022 Words

Generational Differences in the Workplace Composition II—Eng 102 Generational Differences in the Workplace The workplace of today involves interactions among people from four different generations often causing much conflict for leaders and organizations. Each generation represented has its own set of different values and beliefs. These differences can easily lead to conflicting barriers within the workplace. This can pose a significant problem for those in leadership. In order to combat this issue, leaders and organizations can effectively deal with these issues by offering different programs such as executive mentoring, town hall meetings, and leadership seminars for those in leadership. The†¦show more content†¦Kyles (2005) defines them as competitive, political, hardworking, and nonconformists. â€Å"Known for their workaholic ethic, Boomers will do whatever it takes to get the job done and get ahead, and they expect to be rewarded. They outnumber all generations and hold a majority of management-level positions. They are also approa ching retirement and are heavily concerned with financial and job security† (Kyles, 2005, p. 54). This group is very hard working and also offers a lot of wisdom that can be beneficial to those of the younger generations. The third generation represented is often referred to as â€Å"Generation X.† Members of this group are born between 1965 and 1979. Kyles (2005) defines them as individualistic, disloyal, techno literate, and one of the most challenging groups to manage. This can be attributed to the fact that this group grew up in the rebellious years of the sixties and seventies. Marshall (2004) states, â€Å"The employer has to provide an opportunity to work and grow, or they are going to leave† (p. 18). This says a lot about the influence of culture on this generation. The last and final generation represented is referred to as â€Å"Generation Y.† This group is typically born between 1980 and 1999. Kyles (2005) states, â€Å"Generation Y is coming of age during a time of technological sophistication, extreme economic swings, individual prosperity, terrorism, andShow MoreRelatedManaging Generational Differences Of The Workplace Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Generational Differences Introduction Workforces are diverse, not only with respect to gender, racio-ethnicity, culture and work styles, but also with respect to age. Workplaces have always had numerous generations working together. There s the bright-eyed and bushy-tailed younger generation of newcomers, the established middle generation that holds most of the management roles and the older generation of senior executives who are 30 or 40 years of valuable experience. 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Globalization Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact Upon...

Globalization: Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact upon the Environment and Women in Mexico As firms increased commerce by expanding their business into markets located in different countries, numerous trade barriers and international restrictions have been progressively disabled. This cross-border trading has changed the once historically distinct and separate national markets into a global marketplace. Now the economies of countries throughout the world have become interpedently linked. This process of global integration is called globalization. However, the impact of globalization expands further than economic transformation and unification. In the Hispanic country of Mexico, globalization has given rise to maquiladoras. The†¦show more content†¦These workers left their homes with the hope of earning a higher income to provide a better life for themselves and their families. 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Overview (Salinas). Kean University Is A Public University

Overview (Salinas): Kean University is a public university located in Union, New Jersey and was founded in 1855. Kean University offers many different services to their students enrolled, including one of the most popular department on campus, The Office of Financial Aid. The Office of Financial Aid is devoted to offering different services and information to students attending Kean. Located on first floor of the Administration Building, The Office of Financial Aid is open Monday through Saturday and offers phone hours Monday through Friday. Students can schedule an appointment, where they will have a chance to sit and speak with a financial counselor. Students who attend Kean, can follow updates from The Office of Financial Aid†¦show more content†¦It is approximated that 66% of incoming students receive financial assistance. On average, around $4,768 is awarded as federal grants to students. Scholarships provided by Kean University average around $2,803 each. In addition, many factors contribute to receiving a form of aid such as income level. For example, the lower the income level the more aid the students receive while the higher the income level the less aid they receive. On average for all undergraduate students, 48% of students receive aid averaging around $6,565. Kean University also provides students with a Net Price Calculator that was designed to help students calculate their estimated financial aid and options. The Net Price Calculator provided by Kean University asks students about their high school grade point average, SAT and ACT scores, FAFSA data, and more financial information to estimate their overall scholarship and aid options. In addition, current students enrolled in Kean University receive many financial options to pay for their tuition. Such as payment plans, subsidized, and unsubsidized loans provided by the college. Current students are required to agree to the Financial Obligations Agreement (FOA) on KeanWISE once per term before registering for classes. Students must also remove any holds from their accounts including any past due amounts from their tuition to be eligible to register for classes. If

The American Revolutionary War Free Essays

One of the greatest reasons as to why there was the revolution in the America during the regime of British colonization was as a result of excessive taxation by the British. The British government implemented this idea of excessive tax on the American citizens after realizing that they had a great debt, which resulted from the expenses they incurred during their war with France and India. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Revolutionary War or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the North America the British had many troops at the end of the Indian and the French war. The British government in the long last realized that it had been using a lot of its money to defend its colonies. A big force was required to protect the colonists from the attacks by the Indian troops. At the end of the war the British had a debt worth 140 million pounds. To solve this problem the British government came up with two solutions. Firstly, the British government had the view of strengthening the existing taxation laws together with introduction of additional taxes on the colonists. Such taxes included the: 1773 tea act, 1764 sugar act, and 1765 stamp act. This was to be done so as to enable the government to cater for the cost of the troops which were stationed in the North America. Secondly, the British government gave out new proclamation to prevent the further encroachment of the Indians by the colonists.[1] They believed that this action if is put in place would eliminate the war between the colonists and the Indian, and thus the number of the troops would go down. The first measure by the British government of strengthening the tax laws and introducing additional tax act was to be implemented by passing the Revenue Act of 1764. This act was referred to as the Sugar Act by the colonies. The Act on Sugar really cut down the molasses tax, which was by then the key colonies’ import. The enforcement of the previous tax was not done by the British government.1 With the introduction of the new sugar act brought in strong enforcing methods on the molasses tariffs. Under the same Revenue Act additional items such as wine, silk and potash were subject to import tax. The American colonists reacted to the new law on the taxes with outrage. They employed all the means and the mechanisms to render such a law useless. The colonial government officials were very corrupt to extend that they allowed the entrance of molasses and other commodities to America without payment of the required import tax on them. The American colonists resisted openly the new act of revenues by the British government as much as they could. A good example on this is the sloop Polly case. Immediately after the law was passed by the parliament, she moved to a port known as Newport carrying molasses load. Despite the fact that, the indication on the tax payment were matching with the new government new revenue act, it was realized later by the port officer that the load was twice the one indicated on the shipment documents. The ship was seized under the new Revenue Act.[2] This was the first evidenced American colonists’ defiance on the British government Revenue Act. Many of the American colonists just accepted to pay such taxes under the new Revenue Act as it was inevitable for them. The taxation itself did not case an alarm to the American colonists; however the methods which were employed to collect the taxes by the British government caused anger among the colonists.   Other issues that caused anger among the colonists were that: during the enactment of the Revenue Act concerning the taxes, they were not involved in this process. Also the taxation methods barred the American colonists in engaging in trade. On the second measure by the British government to reduce its burden of the cost they incurred in Indian and the French, was received by the American with a lot of anger and disdain. This was because it limited and interfered with their economic growth. According to the Americans the issue of protecting the Indians encroachment by the colonists had a little chance to be enforced. They had the feeling that, there was no means by which the colonists’ natural movement would be stopped by such proclamation.5 The Revenue Act aimed at increasing the Revenue to the British government through increasing the taxes, was the major cause of the revolutionary war in America. The issue of taxation cleared the path towards the revolution. Not only did it bring the issue of resistance, but also it stimulated the thoughts of politics the resulted into the revolution. A good example is that of James Otis who resigned and went to court on the behalf of the merchants of Boston to protest the Assistance Writs. The writs of assistance gave powers to the officials of customs to break into ships, warehouses, and homes that were thought to be carrying any goods which were not transacted in the correct order based on the new Revenue Act.[3] According to Otis the British unwritten constitution fundamentals were violated by these writs. Otis was for the idea that, despite that it was the British government that passed these writs, the local government was not supposed to enforce them. In his case Otis lost, but the writs issue which the revenue act enforcement brought forth resulted to be an expanding colonial list of grievances against the British colonial government. [1] Reich Jerome. British Friends of the American Revolution, London, Macmillan, 1998, pp. 12 1 Reich Jerome. British Friends of the American Revolution, London, Macmillan, 1998, pp. 19 [2] Revolutionary War. History Central. Copyright Multi-Educator , 1998, Retrieved on 12th January 2009 from http://www.historycentral.com/Revolt/index.html 5 On the American Revolution. The American Inquisition. Retrieved on 12th January 2009 from, http://americaninquisition.blogspot.com/2008/05/on-american-revolution.html [3] Hatch Louis. The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army, London, Longman Green and Co., 1994, pp. 70    How to cite The American Revolutionary War, Papers

Internet Technology and Secured Transactions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Internet Technology and Secured Transactions. Answer: Introduction: The problem statement for this research topic is security of personal data on the internet. The issue will centre on data theft and security of personal data on the social sites and internet. Due to the increasing popularity of online networking sites, the security of personal data on the internet have become extremely essential (Benson, Saridakis Tennakoon, 2015). The internet users provide a large amount of their personal information online and therefore security is a key issue. The case study of Facebook and Cambridge Analytica will be used as the research problem. The issue took a serious turn when the people came to know that Cambridge Analytica, a data firm got hold of millions of internet users information. The reason behind acquiring this information is to develop software for manipulating the political campaigns to target the probable swing voters. Donald Trumps presidential election of 2016 was also included among the political campaigns (Bertino, 2015). Data Analytica exp loited Facebook to gather personal information of the users and build models for knowing about their private matters. The data was gathered by this firm through an app named, thisisyourdigitallife, which was developed by a Russian American researcher. The research is aimed at finding the importance of securing personal data on the internet and the ways by which users can avoid data theft. The specific purpose of the research is to find out the extent to which personal data is secured on the social networking sites and internet (Ferreira et al., 2015). The following objectives will be able to solve the particular problem. To find out the importance securing online data To find out the extent to which personal data can be shared in social networking sites To find out the impact of online data theft and the preventive steps For carrying out this particular research, both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected from primary sources. Therefore, it can be said that mixed method will be appropriate to work on this research. This is because mixed method will be helpful in collecting the qualitative as well as quantitative data (Hinz et al., 2015). Primary analysis will be done on the basis of the information and facts received from the respondents. Any previous instances of data theft in Facebook will be considered as secondary sources of information while carrying out this research work. Thus, mixed methodology will be effective in this particular research of data theft and security of personal data online. The primary data analysis will be collected by conducting personal interview with the respondent such as the users whose information has been leaked. Other users will be surveyed by means of questionnaire, which will contain only close- ended questions in order to avoid biasness. The staff of Cambridge Analytica will also be enquired by means of group meetings to know the reason behind this issue. The political members associated with this scandal will also be interviewed either face- to- face or via telephone to know about their real intention. There will be 300 sample selected for this research. These samples will be further divided into 5 categories based on politicians, Cambridge Analytica members, Facebook staff members, Faceboo users and other common internet users. The categorization of the sample will be effective in extracting relevant information. References Benson, V., Saridakis, G., Tennakoon, H. (2015). Information disclosure of social media users: does control over personal information, user awareness and security notices matter?.Information Technology People,28(3), 426-441. Bertino, E. (2015, June). Big data-security and privacy. InBig Data (BigData Congress), 2015 IEEE International Congress on(pp. 757-761). IEEE. Ferreira, D., Kostakos, V., Beresford, A. R., Lindqvist, J., Dey, A. K. (2015, June). Securacy: an empirical investigation of Android applications' network usage, privacy and security. InProceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Security Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks(p. 11). ACM. Hinz, O., Nofer, M., Schiereck, D., Trillig, J. (2015). The influence of data theft on the share prices and systematic risk of consumer electronics companies. Information Management,52(3), 337-347. Kang, R., Dabbish, L., Fruchter, N., Kiesler, S. (2015, July). my data just goes everywhere: user mental models of the internet and implications for privacy and security. InSymposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)(pp. 39-52). Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association. Lee, S. W., Kim, H. K., Kim, E. J. (2015). A Study on Countermeasures for Personal Data Breach and Security Threats of Social Network Game.Journal of Korea Game Society,15(1), 77-88. Liu, V., Musen, M. A., Chou, T. (2015). Data breaches of protected health information in the United States.Jama,313(14), 1471-1473. Martin, K. D., Borah, A., Palmatier, R. W. (2017). Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance.Journal of Marketing,81(1), 36-58. Morey, T., Forbath, T., Schoop, A. (2015). Customer data: Designing for transparency and trust.Harvard Business Review,93(5), 96-105. Sen, R., Borle, S. (2015). Estimating the contextual risk of data breach: An empirical approach.Journal of Management Information Systems,32(2), 314-341. Sharif, A., Cooney, S., Gong, S., Vitek, D. (2015, October). Current security threats and prevention measures relating to cloud services, Hadoop concurrent processing, and big data. InBig Data (Big Data), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1865-1870). IEEE. Siegal, J., Rowell, S., Hintz, T. (2018).U.S. Patent No. 9,911,146. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Stieglitz, S., Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Social media and political communication: a social media analytics framework.Social Network Analysis and Mining,3(4), 1277-1291. Terzi, D. S., Terzi, R., Sagiroglu, S. (2015, December). A survey on security and privacy issues in big data. InInternet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), 2015 10th International Conference for(pp. 202-207). IEEE. Vijayakumar, V. (2016). Big data security framework for distributed cloud data centers.Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection, 288.